Which philosopher described the I-Thou relationship as horizontal?

• A. Rollo May
• B. Carl Rogers
• C. Martin Buber
• D. Erik Erikson

Answer: (C)

The main idea here is the way we relate to others. Martin Buber distinguishes two modes of relation: I-Thou, a direct, mutual encounter between two beings, and I-It, where the other is treated as an object or thing. The I-Thou relationship is described as horizontal because it happens on equal footing—two beings meeting face to face in genuine dialogue and presence, without hierarchy or instrumental use. This contrasts with I-It, where one side treats the other as an object to be used or categorized. The other thinkers listed aren’t known for this specific dichotomy of relation in the same way; Rollo May is associated with existential psychology, Carl Rogers with client-centered therapy, and Erik Erikson with psychosocial development. So the idea of I-Thou as a horizontal, mutual encounter comes from Martin Buber.