Which is Erikson's second psychosocial stage?

• A. Initiative versus Guilt
• B. Autonomy versus Shame
• C. Trust versus Mistrust
• D. Industry versus Inferiority

Answer: (B)

In Erikson's theory, the second stage centers on toddlers learning whether they can act independently. This stage is Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt. When caregivers support self-directed actions—like letting a child dress themselves, choose small options, and practice new skills—the child develops autonomy, a sense of being capable and in control of their world. If the child is constantly criticized, punished for small mistakes, or overly controlled, they may grow to doubt their own abilities and feel shame about trying to do things on their own. This period typically spans the second year through the early third year, laying the groundwork for confidence in later exploration. The other stages happen at different ages: trust versus mistrust is in infancy, initiative versus guilt follows in the preschool years, and industry versus inferiority comes during early school years.