The behavior of a Japanese client who avoids direct eye contact during counseling is best described as:

• A. A sign of deception
• B. A lack of interest
• C. A culturally normative behavior
• D. A sign of resistance

Answer: (C)

Eye contact norms differ across cultures, and in Japan, avoiding direct eye contact during counseling is a common and culturally normative way of communicating. This behavior often signals respect, attentiveness, and consideration rather than any deception or disinterest. Interpreting it as deception, lack of interest, or resistance risks misreading the client and hindering rapport. A counselor can stay attuned to engagement through other cues—tone of voice, verbal participation, reflective listening, and body orientation—and, if appropriate, gently check the client’s comfort with eye contact to adjust the interaction respectfully.