The assertion that firstborn children are usually conservative but display leadership qualities aligns with whose viewpoint?

• A. Pavlov
• B. Rogers
• C. Skinner
• D. Adler

Answer: (D)

Birth order influences personality, and Adler’s theory specifically links being the firstborn with a tendency toward conservatism and strong leadership. Alfred Adler argued that firstborns often take on a caretaker and authority role, especially after a new sibling arrives, which fosters a cautious, traditional mindset along with the drive to organize, guide, and lead others. This combination fits Adler’s birth-order ideas: a stable, rule-following attitude paired with leadership capability. The other figures focus on conditioning or self-actualization rather than birth-order-driven traits, so their viewpoints don’t match this description.