PKU, Klinefelter's syndrome, Turner's syndrome, Hemophilia, and sickle cell anemia are all examples of

• A. Metabolic disorders
• B. Infectious diseases
• C. Autoimmune diseases
• D. Genetic conditions

Answer: (D)

All of these conditions come from changes in our genes or chromosomes, so they are genetic conditions. PKU results from a mutation in the PAH gene that prevents proper phenylalanine breakdown and is inherited. Klinefelter’s and Turner’s syndromes are due to abnormalities in sex chromosomes, leading to distinct clinical features. Hemophilia is typically caused by mutations in genes for clotting factors on the X chromosome, passed through families. Sickle cell anemia is caused by a point mutation in the beta-globin gene. While PKU is sometimes described as a metabolic disorder, its root cause is genetic, and the common thread across all of these examples is their genetic basis, not infectious or autoimmune processes.