Kohlberg proposed three levels of morality. Which level is characterized by obedience to avoid punishment?

• A. Conventional Level
• B. Preconventional Level
• C. Postconventional Level
• D. Sensorimotor Level

Answer: (B)

In Kohlberg's theory, moral reasoning starts at a stage where the child is focused on themselves and what they must do to avoid punishment. This is the Preconventional level, specifically the obedience to avoid punishment orientation. At this stage, right and wrong are judged by whether the action leads to punishment or rewards, not by any internalized rule or societal expectation. As reasoning advances to higher stages, people begin to follow rules to gain social approval (Conventional level) and eventually adhere to universal ethical principles (Postconventional level). The Sensorimotor level is not part of Kohlberg’s moral development framework; it belongs to Piaget’s early cognitive stages.