Behavior modification strategies are based heavily on instrumental conditioning, while behavior therapy emphasizes which combination?

• A. Instrumental conditioning; Pavlovian principles
• B. Classical conditioning; Skinnerian principles
• C. Instrumental conditioning; classical conditioning
• D. Instrumental conditioning; classical conditioning and Skinnerian principles

Answer: (D)

Instrumental (operant) conditioning shapes behavior through consequences, using reinforcement, punishment, and extinction to modify actions. Behavior therapy expands on that by also incorporating classical (Pavlovian) conditioning, which learns through associations between stimuli, and Skinnerian (operant) principles, to leverage both ways of learning. This dual approach explains why the best choice pairs instrumental conditioning with both classical conditioning and Skinnerian principles. For example, systematic desensitization uses classical conditioning to reduce fear, while reinforcement systems use operant techniques to strengthen desired behaviors.